| Volatilization | Turpentine typically contains alpha-pinene (59%), beta-pinene (24%) and other isomeric terpenes(1). The Henry's Law constant for alpha- and beta-pinene have been measured as 0.134 and 0.0679 atm-cu m/mole respectively at 25 deg C(2). These Henry's Law constants indicate that alpha- and beta-pinene are expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on these Henry's Law constants, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.6 days(SRC). alpha- and beta-Pinene's Henry's Law constants indicate that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). alpha- and beta-Pinene are expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon respective vapor pressures of 4.75 and 2.93 mm Hg at 25 deg C(1).
Literature: (1) USEPA; Screening-Level Hazard Characterization, Bicyclic Terpene Hydrocarbons Category, September 2010; Available from, as of Dec 26, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/hpvis/hazchar/Category_Bicyclic%20Terpene%20Hydrocarbons_%20September_2010.pdf (2) Copolovici LO, Niinemets U; Chemosphere 61: 1390-400 (2005) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
Literature: #The Henry's Law constant for limonene is estimated as 0.032 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.55 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 7.57 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that limonene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). Limonene's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of limonene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
Literature: (1) Boublik T et al; The vapor pressures of pure substances. Vol. 17. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sci Publ (1984) (2) Miller DJ, Hawthorne SB; J Chem Eng Data 44: 315-8 (2000) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
Literature: #The Henry's Law constant for d-limonene is reported as 0.0281 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that d-limonene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.6 days(SRC). d-Limonene's reported Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of d-limonene from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon a vapor pressure of 1.98 mm Hg(3).
Literature: (1) Copolovici LO, Niinemets U Chemosphere 61: 1390-400 (2005) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Yaws CL; Handbook of Vapor Pressure. Vol 3: C8-C28 Compounds. Houston, TX: Gulf Pub Co (1994) |
| Solubility | In water, 0.65 to 2.1 mg/L at 25 deg C /primary pinene constituents of turpentine oil/
Literature: USEPA; Screening-Level Hazard Characterization, Bicyclic Terpene Hydrocarbons Category, September 2010. Available from, as of Dec 26, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/hpvis/hazchar/Category_Bicyclic%20Terpene%20Hydrocarbons_%20September_2010.pdf
Literature: #Insol in water
Literature: O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1822
Literature: #Soluble in 5 volumes alcohol; miscible with benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether and oils.
Literature: O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1822
Literature: #SLIGHTLY SOL IN WATER; SOL IN 3 VOL ALCOHOL; MISCIBLE WITH CARBON DISULFIDE, GLACIAL ACETIC ACID
Literature: The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976., p. 883
Literature: #In water, 7.57 mg/L at 25 deg C
Literature: Miller DJ, Hawthorne SB; J Chem Eng Data 44: 315-8 (2000)
Literature: #Miscible with alcohol
Literature: O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1021
Literature: #Miscible with alcohol, ether.
Literature: Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. V4: 2827
Literature: #Slightly soluble in water
Literature: O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1262
Literature: #Soluble in 2 vol 90% alcohol, 1 volume glacial acetic acid; miscible with absolute alcohol, carbon disulfide
Literature: O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1262
Literature: #In water, 13.8 mg/L at 25 deg C
Literature: Massaldi HA, King CJ; J Chem Eng Data 18: 393-7 (1973)
Literature: #Miscible with ethanol and ether; soluble in carbon tetrachloride
Literature: Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-338
Literature: #Miscible with fixed oils; slightly soluble in glycerin; insoluble in propylene glycol
Literature: Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. V4: 2741 |
| Soil Adsorption | Turpentine typically contains alpha-pinene (59%), beta-pinene (24%) and other isomeric terpenes(1). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(2), the Koc of alpha- and beta-pinene can be estimated to be 1000(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that alpha- and beta-pinene are expected to have low mobility in soil.
Literature: (1) USEPA; Screening-Level Hazard Characterization, Bicyclic Terpene Hydrocarbons Category, September 2010. Available from, as of Dec 26, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/hpvis/hazchar/Category_Bicyclic%20Terpene%20Hydrocarbons_%20September_2010.pdf (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Dec 27, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
Literature: #Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for limonene can be estimated to be 1,100(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that limonene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC).
Literature: (1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Apr 24, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
Literature: #Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of d-limonene can be estimated to be 1120(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that d-limonene is expected to have low mobility in soil.
Literature: (1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Apr 24, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) |
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